The potential under-utilised land in each country was roughly estimated based on data taken from "Land Use" data from FAOSTAT (FAO, 2023b, 2023a). Agricultural land, forest land and artificial surfaces are excluded, and water bodies are not considered. The remaining land area was broadly adopted as under-utilised lowcarbon land that can be further explored for growing energy crops. A range of studies has previously been conducted on individual countries in Southeast Asia to identify land suitability for agr ...