Quantifying cropland conditionIn this study, we defined cropland condition as a trend in biological productivity, measured using the EVI net of agro-climatic factors and agricultural inputs. A growing number of studies use remotely sensed data such as the EVI or normalized difference vegetation index to measure land degradation16,43,49,50. A negative trend in these indicators may suggest land degradation, while a positive trend may suggest land improvement, depending on how well other driving factors are ta ...