Understanding Insurable Risks: Key Elements for Better Coverage
Investopedia· 2025-12-31 21:09
保险行业承保风险的核心原则 - 保险公司通常只承保纯粹风险 不承保投机风险 纯粹风险指存在损失可能但不存在获利机会的不确定情况 例如火灾、洪水或车祸 而投机风险可能产生利润或损失 例如商业投资或赌博交易 [1][3][5] - 可保风险需满足多个核心要素 包括“由于偶然”、明确性和可衡量性、统计可预测性、非灾难性、随机选择以及大额损失风险 [1] 纯粹风险与投机风险 - 纯粹风险可分为三类 影响被保险人收入能力的个人风险、财产风险以及因社会互动造成损失的赔偿责任风险 [6] - 并非所有纯粹风险都被所有私营保险公司承保 例如 洪水造成的财产损失被视为纯粹风险 但大多数房主保险单不予承保 [7] 可保风险的具体要素 - **由于偶然** 损失必须是意外行为的结果 并且在确切时间和影响上不可预期 这保护了保险公司免于赔付故意行为造成的损失 例如房东烧毁自己的建筑 [8] - **明确性和可衡量性** 被保险人必须能够提供明确的损失证明 通常以可衡量金额的账单形式 否则无法确定合理的赔付金额或保费成本 [9] - **统计可预测性** 保险公司必须能够估计损失发生的频率和严重程度 例如寿险和健康险公司依赖精算科学及死亡率和发病率表来预测人群损失 [11] - **非灾难性** 标准保险不承灾难性风险 灾难性风险指对保险公司而言过于昂贵、普遍或不可预测的严重损失 例如核辐射、飓风或地震 [10][12] - **随机选择与大额损失风险** 保险计划基于大数法则运作 需要有足够多的同质风险暴露单位才能对相关损失做出合理预测 同时 风险暴露单位或保单持有人的数量必须足够大 以构成总体的统计随机样本 防止逆向选择 [15][16] 灾难性风险的特殊处理 - 灾难性风险分为两种 第一种是同一风险类别中的所有或许多单位都暴露于同一事件 第二种是保险双方均未预料到的价值巨大损失 例如2001年9月11日的恐怖袭击 [12][13] - 部分保险公司专门从事灾难性保险 许多公司通过再保险协议来防范灾难性事件 投资者甚至可以购买称为“灾难债券”的风险关联证券 为灾难性风险转移筹集资金 [14] 常见问题与具体案例 - 洪水保险通常不承保本可由房主避免的霉菌损坏、纸质股票或贵金属贵重物品、户外财产如甲板、临时住房 大多数洪水保险也不承保车辆损坏 但汽车保险的综合险可能承保 [19]
Why AI Might Stamp Out Inflation but Endanger the Job Market
Investopedia· 2025-12-31 21:09
核心观点 - 人工智能若兑现其承诺 可能在未来塑造一个低通胀和低就业的经济体 即“无就业的利润繁荣” [1] - 人工智能可能通过提高生产率将通胀率推低至美联储2%的目标以下 甚至低于当前约3%的水平 [4] - 人工智能在降低价格的同时 可能对劳动力市场造成显著冲击 导致大规模岗位替代 过渡期可能非常痛苦 [5][10][11] 人工智能对通胀的影响 - 人工智能可能产生通缩效应 通过降低成本和提高产出来降低价格 这一影响可能被低估 [4] - 技术旨在以少做多 而人工智能是以少得多的投入做多得多的突破 [5] - 人工智能若兑现其节省劳动力的承诺 可能显著降低通胀 [8] - 不同观点认为 人工智能短期内可能推高部分价格 例如耗电的数据中心导致附近地区批发电价几乎翻了两番 [6] - 美联储部分政策委员会成员认为通胀风险依然很高 应维持利率稳定而非降息 [7] - 也有专家认为人工智能技术可能无法兑现其支持者所承诺的节省劳动力效益 [9] 人工智能对就业市场的影响 - 人工智能驱动的经济可能导致就业岗位减少 对保住工作的人有利 [2] - 人工智能扩张带来的“无就业利润繁荣” 可能导致低就业经济 [1] - 亚马逊在2025年10月宣布裁员14,000名企业员工 尽管利润增长 但称人工智能提高了运营效率 这体现了人工智能对就业市场的潜在影响 [10] - 人工智能本质上是用技术替代人力 用相同或更少的人力产生更多产出或利润 [10] - 当今面临人工智能替代风险的白领 其处境类似于上世纪90年代和21世纪初因全球化而失去工作的制造业员工 [11] - 这种冲击可能非常迅速和深刻 导致大量工人需要被安置 [11] 人工智能对整体经济与生产力的影响 - 人工智能可能重塑通胀和生产力趋势 推动美国经济发生重大转变 [3] - 生产率提升可能将通胀推至美联储2%的目标以下 使其回归疫情前水平 [4] - 从历史上看 革命性技术倾向于提高生活水平 但劳动力市场转型可能伴随阵痛 [8][11] - 全球化曾使美国整体更富裕 但也摧毁了工作岗位被外包的蓝领工人 人工智能可能产生类似影响 在已经高度不平等的经济中 其转型期可能尤为痛苦 [11]
Here’s What the Average Social Security Benefit Will Look Like for Retirees in 2026
Investopedia· 2025-12-31 21:09
2026年美国社会保障福利概况 - 2026年社会保障福利平均每月为2,071美元 [1] - 2026年社会保障福利将比2025年增加2.8% 平均每位退休工人每月将多获得约56美元 [4][6] - 2026年平均退休工人每月领取的社会保障福利将超过2,000美元 [6] 福利计算与影响因素 - 福利金额基于个人收入最高的35年的平均指数化月收入计算 收入越高 退休后福利越多 [2] - 福利金额因人而异 取决于几个因素 包括开始领取福利的年龄 [1] - 在62岁即可开始领取退休福利 但金额将低于达到完全退休年龄后领取的金额 对于1960年或之后出生的人 完全退休年龄为67岁 [1] - 达到完全退休年龄后可领取全额福利 若延迟领取 福利将持续增加直至70岁 [1] - 若在完全退休年龄前开始领取福利且仍在工作 福利金额将根据年收入变化 [1] 福利充足性与调整机制 - 了解全国平均福利有助于制定现实的退休计划 平均福利可能不足以维持生活 需依靠其他资金来源如401(k)、IRA或退休后兼职 [3] - 社会保障管理局每年宣布生活成本调整以应对通胀 [4] - 然而 近期AARP调查中四分之三的受访者表示 2026年的福利增幅不足以跟上物价上涨 [4] - 许多倡导者认为 用于计算生活成本调整的公式未能准确反映老年人的实际开支 [6]
IRS Announces New IRA Contribution Limits—Would You Be Ready for Retirement Saving That Much Annually?
Investopedia· 2025-12-31 21:09
In 2026, you can contribute up to $7,500 to your IRA, according to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). (If you're 50 or older, you can contribute $1,100 more as a catch-up contribution.) So we wondered: If you contributed $625 per month just to your IRA, would you have enough money to retire in the future? Well, let's run the numbers. Let's assume you start saving for retirement at age 27 and you plan to retire at age 67. While IRA contribution limits typically increase every year to keep pace with inflatio ...
What's the Outlook for Interest Rates in 2026?
Investopedia· 2025-12-31 21:09
The rates that individual customers pay depend on their credit history. Banks and other lenders charge more to those with lower credit scores or curtail their lending to higher-risk customers when the economy wobbles. Key Takeaways The Federal Reserve is leaning toward cutting interest rates again in 2026, but that doesn't mean that all consumer borrowing costs would fall equally. Credit cards and high-yield savings accounts are more closely tied to Fed policy, as the Fed has a heavier influence over short- ...
Are We Headed For a ‘Soft Landing’ or a Recession in 2026?
Investopedia· 2025-12-31 21:09
Key Takeaways In recent years, the start of a new calendar year has also been accompanied by concerns about an impending economic recession; however, most forecasters expect the U.S. to steer clear of an economic downturn in 2026. But whether the U.S. economy sees the "soft landing†that some had forecast remains a question. For example, JPMorgan expects economic growth in the first half of 2026 to be around 3%, primarily driven by the stimulus effects from the OBBBA, but then slowing to between 1% and 2% gr ...
Bristol Gate US Equity Strategy: NVDA’s Demand Today is Broadcom’s (AVGO) Opportunity Tomorrow
Yahoo Finance· 2025-12-31 21:08
Bristol Gate Capital Partners, an investment management company, published its Q3 2025 investor letter for the “US Equity Strategy”. A copy of the letter can be downloaded here. The strategy underperformed the benchmark, the S&P 500® Total Return Index, this quarter, but still surpassed the index in dividend growth. The underperformance was due to a lack of significant exposure to the AI/TMT sector or the Value sector, which provides advantages stemming from the Federal Reserve's rate cut. The portfolio ret ...
The Best High-Yield ETF to Buy for 2026: SCHD or HDV?
Yahoo Finance· 2025-12-31 21:06
The iShares Core High Dividend ETF, meanwhile, has a slightly more concentrated portfolio of 74 stocks, with notable sector tilts toward consumer defensive, energy, and healthcare. Its top positions as of Dec. 30 were Exxon Mobil (NYSE:XOM), Johnson & Johnson (NYSE:JNJ), Chevron (NYSE:CVX), and Abbvie (NYSE:ABBV), giving it a heavier energy and healthcare bias at the top. Both funds avoid leverage, hedging, or ESG overlays, keeping their strategies straightforward and focused on dividend strength.The Schwab ...
Will USAR's Arnold Partnership Strengthen Rare-Earth Supply Chains?
ZACKS· 2025-12-31 21:06
Key Takeaways USA Rare Earth's LCM partnered with Arnold to supply rare-earth metals and alloys.Arnold will use LCM materials to make permanent magnets for aerospace and defense markets.USAR aims to strengthen the U.S. and Europe supply chains after acquiring LCM in November 2025.USA Rare Earth, Inc.’s (USAR) business subsidiary, Less Common Metals (‘LCM’), recently partnered with Solvay and Arnold Magnetic Technologies Corp. (Arnold) to provide a stable and premium-quality source of rare-earth materials. A ...
3M's Safety & Industrial Unit's Strength Holds Firm: More Upside Ahead?
ZACKS· 2025-12-31 21:06
Key Takeaways MMM's Safety and Industrial segment posted 4.1% organic growth in Q3, its sixth straight quarter.MMM's Electrical Markets grew at a low-teens rate, driven by data center construction activity.MMM's Safety and Industrial unit contributed about 44.8% of Q3 revenues on broad demand.3M Company (MMM) is benefiting from strength in the Safety and Industrial segment, which has become an important growth pillar for its overall performance. In the third quarter of 2025, the segment’s organic revenues i ...