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报告行业投资评级 - 文档未提及 无 报告的核心观点 - 近年来地缘政治风险增加和材料成本上升促使汽车和其他制造商将生产和供应商转移到更接近终端市场的地方墨西哥是近岸外包的主要候选地[2] - 墨西哥在外国直接投资劳动力能源和运输成本方面具有优势且靠近美国市场有强大的汽车供应商基础并受益于美墨自由贸易协定中的优惠政策[3][4] - 调查显示多数美国和墨西哥汽车原始设备制造商和供应商正在或考虑将业务近岸外包到墨西哥[5] - 虽然墨西哥适合汽车零部件近岸外包但某些零部件更适合包括高进口价值现有供应商基础稳固且有成本降低机会的零部件[6] - 考虑将制造业务转移到墨西哥的公司需要考虑多个因素以确保成功执行[7] 根据相关目录分别进行总结 1. 近岸外包趋势背景 - 全球化近年来受到地缘政治冲击如美中贸易争端新冠疫情和俄乌战争促使企业重新评估全球生产布局近岸外包成为趋势[9] - 本报告聚焦于墨西哥的近岸外包情况特别是汽车公司[10] [9][10] 2. 墨西哥的竞争优势 - 墨西哥是近岸外包的主要目标国家具有民主制度市场经济健康与西方文化价值观相似贸易开放劳动力市场活跃等优势且靠近美国运输成本和运输时间低[11] - 与其他近岸外包目标国家相比墨西哥的名义小时工资和电力成本较低[12] - 外国直接投资在墨西哥激增2023年达439亿美元在全球接收国外直接投资国家中排名前15且超过中国成为美国企业的投资目的地[16] - 墨西哥作为近岸外包地点的关注度创历史新高[16] [11][12][16] 3. 在墨西哥制造的成本优势 - 墨西哥作为制造中心具有吸引力调查显示多数美国和墨西哥汽车行业管理者认为墨西哥将承接最多来自中国的近岸外包业务[18] - 相对于中国墨西哥在制造成本上有显著节省2022年总到岸成本比中国低35%[19] - 墨西哥的劳动力成本较低且与中国的差距预计到2030年将扩大[20] - 运往美国市场的货物在墨西哥的货运成本更低运输时间更短且90%的货物通过陆路运输降低了成本物流和供应链复杂性[20] - 到2030年中国和墨西哥之间的成本差异预计将进一步扩大[21] - 墨西哥是到2050年工作年龄人口预计将增加的少数大型制造中心之一[21] [18][19][20][21] 4. 汽车行业的情况 - 墨西哥对汽车原始设备制造商和供应商来说是极具吸引力的近岸外包选择因为其劳动力和物流成本低商业环境良好供应商基础稳定供应链有韧性且美国对墨西哥汽车及相关行业的外国直接投资不断增加[25] - 墨西哥靠近美国这一优势体现在质量改进成本控制供应链可视性和可持续性等方面[27] - 美国 - 墨西哥 - 加拿大协定和美国的通胀削减法案等法规提高了墨西哥对汽车公司的吸引力[28][29] - 更多汽车原始设备制造商和供应商在墨西哥进行新的或扩大生产[34] - 调查发现多数受访者正在或考虑在墨西哥进行近岸外包生产最小化生产成本是最主要的考虑因素[35] - 预计墨西哥的汽车产量增长将超过美国和北美整体产量[35] [25][27][28][29][34][35] 5. 适合近岸外包到墨西哥的汽车零部件 - 一些汽车零部件比其他零部件更适合近岸外包到墨西哥如装配操作布线底盘等系统[40] - 如果汽车制造商将生产从中国转移到墨西哥大多数零部件都将节省成本底盘座椅电子设备和布线等部件的潜在收益最高[42] - 随着电动汽车产量的增加电动汽车零部件可能成为近岸外包的高收益高潜力类别[42] - 总体而言布线和底盘是目前最具吸引力的近岸外包部件电动汽车动力系统具有巨大潜力[43] [40][42][43] 6. 近岸外包到墨西哥的成功因素 - 在考虑将生产近岸外包到墨西哥时六个因素对成功规划和执行至关重要包括应对官僚作风减轻安全风险适应文化差异获得可靠的供应基础具有成本竞争力的生产和获取关键资源[44] - 还应充分考虑其他外部因素如制造效率提升环境社会和公司治理影响以及潜在的供应链风险[45] - 任何近岸外包决策都应基于净财务影响[45] [44][45]

E WORLD BANK RD . IDA | WORLD BANK GROUP ublic Disclosure INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT YEMEN FINANCIAL SECTOR DIAGNOSTICS FINANCE, COMPETITIVENESS AND INNOVATION GLOBAL PRACTICE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REGION © 2024 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 USA All rights reserved. This analytical work is a product of the staff of the World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this ...

Policy Research Working Paper 10961 How Regulations Impact the Labor Market A Review of the Literatures on Product and Labor Market Regulations | --- | |--------------------| | | | | | | | David Alzate | | Eliana Carranza | | Joana Duran-Franch | | Truman Packard | | | Celina Proffen WORLD BANK GROUP Social Protection Global Practice October 2024 lic Disclosure Authori Disclosure Authori Policy Research Working Paper 10961 Abstract This paper provides an extensive review of the literatures on product and la ...

Policy Research Working Paper 10964 Yielding Insights Machine Learning-Driven Imputations to Filling Agricultural Data Gaps Ismaël Yacoubou Djima Marco Tiberti Talip Kilic WORLD BANK GROUP Development Economics Development Data Group November 2024 lic Disclosure Authori ic Disclosure Authori Policy Research Working Paper 10964 Abstract This paper addresses the challenge of missing crop yield data in large-scale agricultural surveys, where crop-cutting, the most accurate method for yield measurement, is ofte ...

ic Disclosure Authori Policy Research Working Paper 10963 Optimal Public Sector Premium, Talent Misallocation, and Aggregate Productivity Evidence from the Middle East and North Africa Francisco Parro Jesica Torres WORLD BANK GROUP Middle East and North Africa Region Office of the Chief Economist October 2024 Disclosure Authori Policy Research Working Paper 10963 Abstract This paper develops a tractable general equilibrium model to quantify the aggregate productivity gains from adjusting the public sector p ...

ORLD BANK GROUP 6 R UE 2024 ★ GHANA RBON Public Disclosure Authorized ublic Disclosure Authorized ublic Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized © 2024 The World Bank Group 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 | Internet: www.worldbank.org Disclaimer The content of this report does not reflect the official opinion of the project sponsors or their partner organization. Responsibility for the information and views expressed therein lies entirely with the authors. Please cite ...

pn | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |--------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-----------------| | IFC 2024 \nANNUAL REPORT | | | | | | | | ORLD BANK GROUP | | LEADERSHIP PERSPECTIVES | | | | | | | | | | RESULTS | | | | | | | | | | STRATEGY IN ACTION | | | | | | | | | | CRITICAL FUNCTIONS | ACCELERATINGIMPACT | | | | | | | | | | MOBILIZING INVESTMENT AT SCALE IFC ANNUAL REPORT 2024 | | | | | | | ...