| --- | --- | |--------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | JEL Classification Numbers: H32; H40; L50; | L60; L80; O30; O40; O52 | | Keywords: | Total factor productivity; technology; R&D innovation; human capital; Europe | | Author's E-Mail Address: | scevik@imf.org; snaik@imf.org; kprimus@imf.org | The conceptual framework for the analysis presented in this paper is based on the standard model of conditional convergence. T ...

IMF Country Report No. 24/325 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 2024 ARTICLE IV CONSULTATION—PRESS RELEASE; AND STAFF REPORT Under Article IV of the IMF's Articles of Agreement, the IMF holds bilateral discussions with members, usually every year. In the context of the 2024 Article IV consultation with United Arab Emirates, the following documents have been released and are included in this package: • A Press Release summarizing the views of the Executive Board as expressed during its July 11 consideration of the staff ...

SRI LANKA Debt Management Reform Plan JANUARY 2024 Prepared By Eriko Togo (co-Mission Chief, IMF), Leandro P. Secunho (co-Mission Chief, WB), Hui Miao (IMF), Mia Pineda (IMF), Phillip Anderson (IMF external expert), Ximena Talero (WB), and Coskun Cangoz (WB Consultant) DISCLAIMER The contents of this document constitute capacity development information produced by the staff of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in response to Sri Lanka's request for capacity development. Under the respective ...

行业投资评级 - 报告未明确给出具体的行业投资评级 [1][2][3] 核心观点 - 巴布亚新几内亚的金融体系相对较小且以银行为主导，截至2024年3月，金融部门总资产约为800亿基纳，占GDP的70% [23] - 尽管金融体系表现良好，但仍存在许多弱点和挑战，特别是在系统性风险分析、宏观审慎政策制定、监管框架和危机管理方面 [14] - 报告提出了六个关键领域的改进建议，包括宏观审慎政策、银行和其他存款机构的监管、保险公司和养老基金的监管、金融安全网和危机管理框架、金融市场基础设施以及金融部门统计 [15] 金融部门概述 - 巴布亚新几内亚的金融部门由四家商业银行主导，其中两家为本地银行，两家为澳大利亚大型银行的子公司，占金融系统总资产的67% [23] - 四家授权养老基金（ASF）占金融系统资产的24%，保险部门非常小，仅有19家保险公司，资产占金融系统总资产的2% [23] - 金融包容性较低，75%的巴布亚新几内亚人被排除在正规金融体系之外 [23] 金融稳健性指标 - 截至2024年3月，银行的资本充足率远高于审慎最低要求，银行盈利能力强劲，流动性充足 [31] - 不良贷款率在2023年略有上升，但仍低于2020-21年新冠疫情高峰期的水平 [31] - 银行对私营部门的贷款仅占GDP的14%，银行与政府的关系密切，商业银行持有大量政府证券，占银行总资产的33% [31] 监管与监督 - 巴布亚新几内亚银行（BPNG）是主要的金融监管和监管机构，负责监管银行、非银行存款机构、养老基金和人寿保险公司 [32] - 政府正在通过《2018-30年金融部门发展战略》加强金融稳定的政策框架，该战略重点关注金融部门监管、资本市场发展、支付系统发展和金融包容性 [33] 系统性风险分析 - BPNG已建立了宏观审慎监督单位（MPSU），负责宏观审慎风险监测和政策建议，但金融稳定委员会（FSC）尚未正式运作 [37][38] - 系统性风险分析主要基于金融稳健性指标（FSIs），但报告指出当前的风险报告存在不足，缺乏对宏观金融指标和基础设施风险的关注 [44][45] 支付系统与金融市场基础设施 - 巴布亚新几内亚在支付系统现代化方面取得了显著进展，包括实时全额结算系统（RTGS）和零售电子支付系统（REPS）的推出 [150] - 支付系统的法律框架需要进一步加强，特别是在跨境支付和电子货币监管方面 [152] 金融安全网与危机管理 - 巴布亚新几内亚的金融体系长期稳定，但危机管理框架仍需改进，特别是银行决议权和紧急流动性援助（ELA）安排 [121][130] - 报告建议加强BPNG的决议权力，并制定详细的危机管理计划 [134][140] 金融统计 - BPNG定期编制和报告金融稳健性指标（FSIs）和货币金融统计（MFS），但数据质量和覆盖范围仍有改进空间 [190][196] - 报告建议通过技术援助（TA）提高FSIs和MFS的数据质量，并加强国际投资头寸（IIP）的编制 [206][208]

行业投资评级 - 气候金融科技（Climate Fintech）在2023年吸引了23亿美元的投资，尽管比2022年下降了19%，但该行业在2024年继续增长，吸引了包括风险投资和孵化器在内的广泛投资者[11][130] 核心观点 - 气候金融科技通过创新技术吸引更多投资进入气候金融领域，帮助解决融资障碍，尽管技术只能部分解决问题[7] - 气候金融科技生态系统涵盖了绿色数字银行、可持续投资、碳市场、气候风险评估、绿色众筹和区块链等多种技术应用[28][30] - 气候金融科技在数据问题、数字基础设施不足和金融市场流动性不足等方面存在显著障碍，但可以通过区块链、人工智能和物联网等技术部分缓解这些障碍[15][45][60] 气候金融科技生态系统 - 气候金融科技生态系统包括绿色数字银行、可持续投资平台、碳市场、气候风险评估公司、绿色众筹平台、区块链数据公司和环境合规技术公司[30][32] - 这些公司通过数字技术推动环境可持续性、温室气体减排和气候适应，帮助全球应对气候变化的资金缺口[28][29] 技术应用 - 区块链技术通过其去中心化、不可篡改和透明的特性，在碳信用市场和气候数据管理中具有广泛应用[37][39] - 人工智能和机器学习通过处理大量数据，帮助预测市场趋势和优化投资策略[39][40] - 物联网设备通过实时数据收集和监控，优化可再生能源项目的性能和环境影响[39][40] 投资障碍与解决方案 - 数据问题包括数据稀缺、缺乏标准化和质量问题，区块链和物联网等技术可以帮助提高数据的透明性和可访问性[46][62] - 数字基础设施不足限制了气候金融科技的应用，特别是在低收入国家，数字孪生和区块链等技术可以部分缓解这一问题[53][71] - 金融市场和气候金融工具的流动性不足，绿色债券平台和众筹平台可以通过技术手段提高流动性[57][77] 私人部门领导 - 私人部门在气候金融科技领域采取了多种技术应用，包括区块链在碳交易中的应用和数字孪生技术在气候预测中的应用[97][98] - 日本的大型银行通过地理空间技术推动气候金融，结合卫星数据和金融服务，开发新的商业模式[105][106]

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND Riding Unicorns: Startups and Venture Capital in Japan Salih Fendoglu and TengTeng Xu WP/24/246 IMF Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to encourage debate. The views expressed in IMF Working Papers are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, or IMF management. 2024 DEC 9A9 © 2024 International Monetary Fund WP/24/246 IMF Working Paper Asia and Pacific Dep ...

IMF Country Report No. 24/329 KUWAIT SELECTED ISSUES December 2024 This paper on Kuwait was prepared by a staff team of the International Monetary Fund as background documentation for the periodic consultation with the member country. It is based on the information available at the time it was completed on November 19, 2024. Copies of this report are available to the public from International Monetary Fund • Publication Services PO Box 92780 • Washington, D.C. 20090 Telephone: (202) 623-7430 • Fax: (202) 62 ...

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND 2024 DEC The Heterogeneous Impacts of Firm Upgrading on Energy Intensity Povilas Lastauskas, Ziran Ding and Mustapha Douch WP/24/248 IMF Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to encourage debate. The views expressed in IMF Working Papers are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, or IMF management. 9A9 © 2024 International Monetary Fund WP/24/248 IMF Workin ...

IMF POLICY PAPER REVIEW OF THE IMF'S COMMUNICATIONS STRATEGY IMF staff regularly produces papers proposing new IMF policies, exploring options for reform, or reviewing existing IMF policies and operations. The following documents have been released and are included in this package: • A Press Release summarizing the views of the Executive Board as expressed during its November 22, 2024, consideration of the staff report. • The Staff Report, prepared by IMF staff and completed on October 22, 2024, for the Exe ...

GENDER NOTES Global Employment Gender Gaps Diego B. P. Gomes and Dharana Rijal IMF GENDER NOTES 2024/004 ©2024 International Monetary Fund Global Employment Gender Gaps Diego B. P. Gomes and Dharana Rijal NOTE/2024/004 DISCLAIMER: The IMF Gender Notes Series aims to quickly disseminate succinct IMF analysis on critical economic issues to member countries and the broader policy community. The views expressed in IMF Gender Notes are those of the author(s), although they do not necessarily represent the views ...